Japanese tattooing, known as Irezumi, is a traditional art form that has captivated both tattoo enthusiasts and cultural historians alike.
The history of Irezumi dates back to ancient Japan, where tattoos were initially used as a form of punishment. Criminals were often marked with tattoos as a permanent sign of their transgressions, a practice that was common in the Kofun period (250-538 AD). However, as time progressed, the role of tattoos in Japanese society shifted dramatically.
During the Edo period (1603-1868), Irezumi began to flourish as an art form. This era was marked by a rigid class structure, and tattoos became a way for the lower classes, particularly the yakuza (organized crime members), to express themselves. The intricate designs were often hidden beneath clothing, symbolizing an internal strength or a rebellious spirit against societal norms.
A tattooed man's back, c. 1875
Irezumi is characterized by its bold and elaborate designs, which are steeped in symbolism. Common motifs include dragons, koi fish, tigers, and cherry blossoms, each representing different qualities. For instance, the dragon is a symbol of power and wisdom, while the koi fish represents perseverance and determination. These symbols are often interwoven into large, cohesive pieces that cover significant portions of the body, such as the back, chest, and arms.
The process of creating an Irezumi tattoo is as significant as the designs themselves. Traditionally, tattoos were applied using a hand-poking method called tebori, which involves using a wooden or metal stick with needles attached to insert ink into the skin. This method requires immense skill and patience, resulting in tattoos that can take years to complete.
Tattoo made with Tebori
The cultural significance of Irezumi is profound. In the Edo period, tattoos were associated with the ukiyo-e (floating world) art movement, which celebrated the fleeting pleasures of life. Many tattoo designs were inspired by ukiyo-e woodblock prints, further linking the art of tattooing with Japan's broader artistic traditions.
However, Irezumi has also been stigmatized throughout Japanese history. Tattoos were banned during the Meiji period (1868-1912) as Japan sought to modernize and align itself with Western standards. This led to a period of decline for traditional tattooing, although it never disappeared entirely. Even today, Irezumi can carry negative connotations, particularly in professional and social settings, where tattoos are often associated with criminal activity.
Despite this, Irezumi has experienced a resurgence in recent years, both within Japan and internationally. The global popularity of Japanese tattooing has led to a renewed appreciation for the craftsmanship and cultural depth behind the art form.
Today, tattoos are legal in Japan, but there are still some restrictions. For example, many hot springs and public baths prohibit people with tattoos from entering, as tattoos are still associated with criminal organizations, including the Japanese organized crime syndicate.
These Yakuza members have tattoos that cover most of their bodies (called “horimono”). To this group, a Yakuza tattoo is seen as a symbol of strength, loyalty, and brotherhood. And while tattooing is popular, its relation to crime has led to a generally negative perception of tattoos in mainstream Japanese culture.
Bibliography
Lane, C. (2003). The Japanese Tattoo. Chronicle Books. ISBN: 0811835860.
Richie, D., & Buruma, I. (1980). The Japanese Tattoo. Weatherhill. ISBN: 0834801845.